外資銀行進入與影響當地銀行績效之關聯─亞洲39國之實證研究

本研究目的探討外國銀行進入與影響地主國銀行績效之關係。不同於先前的研究，本文以銀行個別之外國股權資料，分析外資銀行進駐是否為當地銀行帶來正向之外溢效果。外資持股比例較高、地主國經濟發展程度及景氣循環因素是否影響上述的關係？本文使用1994－2008年間亞洲39國2,092家銀行資料為樣本。
實證結果發現: （一）外資銀行進入與當地銀行淨利息收入，非利息收入及備抵呆帳費用呈正相關，與管理費用支出呈負相關，支持外資帶來正向的外溢效果。另考慮外資持股達50%時，外資銀行進駐對當地銀行的獲利及管理費用支出呈負相關與備抵呆帳費用呈正相關。（二）考慮經濟發展程度及景氣循環的結果顯示：1. 當國家經濟發展低，外資進入增強當地銀行淨利息收入、非利息收入、管理費用與備抵呆帳費用正向的效果，支持技術差距之假說。2. 地主國經濟景氣差時，外國銀行進入加強了當地銀行之淨利息收入和獲利的正向效果。經濟景氣好時，外國銀行進入加強了當地銀行之非利息收入及管理費用的負向效果以及備抵呆帳費用的正向效果。支持外資有「反景氣循環現象」之反應。（三） 考慮國家經商容易度的實證發現，在經商環境較容易的國家（排名1-52名），外資銀入進駐對當地銀行的淨利息收入及非利息收入呈負向，表示在較易經商的環境競爭也相較激烈，故使收入壓縮。

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how foreign bank entry affects domestic bank behavior and whether this relationship depends on the conditions of economic, business cycle and ease of doing business economy. We use foreign ownership calculated by using bank level data as a proxy for the degree of foreign bank entry. The panel data sample consists of 2,092 individual banks in 39 countries for the period 1994-2008.
The evidence indicates that foreign banks entry can firstly raise the net interest margin, non-interest income and loan loss provision of the local banks foreign. Foreign bank entry is also associated with an increase in the loan loss provision and a decrease in both the profitability and overhead expenses of the domestic bank when majority owned by foreign ownership. Secondly, a lower level of economic development enhances the positive effects of foreign bank entry on net interest margin, non-interest income and overhead expenses and the loan loss provision of domestic banks. In addition, foreign banks react counter-cyclically to local economic conditions. Third, doing business friendly environment plays an important role in determining the effect of foreign bank entry. Foreing bank entry can more likely decrease the local banks revenues from net interest margin and non-interest income in the ease of doing business economy. To sum up, this study seeks to determine why countries with the same level of domestic bank behavior very different levels of foreign bank entry